Tehran Revolutionary Court

Islamic Revolutionary Court, also known as the Revolutionary Tribunal, is a system of special courts in the Islamic Republic of Iran that handles cases defined by the state as "crimes against the revolution" or threats to national security. These include charges such as smuggling, blasphemy, "acting against national security", espionage, inciting unrest, insulting the Supreme Leader, and alleged attempts to overthrow the Islamic government. The courts have been described by journalists and scholars as operating with limited judicial safeguards, and the early tribunals were characterised by historian Michael Axworthy as "essentially 'kangaroo courts' dressed in revolutionary rhetoric". Human-rights organizations report that the courts exercise broad discretionary powers, often hold closed proceedings, and rely on standards that differ significantly from those of Iran's ordinary judiciary.